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<body>

<header class="nav-header">JS Documentation</header>

<ul>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">Introduction</span>

</a>

</li>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">What you should already know</span>

</a>

</li>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">JavaScript and Java</span>

</a>

</li>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">Hello world</span>

</a>

</li>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">Variables</span>

</a>

</li>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">Declaring variables</span>

</a>

</li>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">Variable scope</span>

</a>

</li>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">Global variables</span>

</a>

</li>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">Constants</span>

</a>

</li>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">Data types</span>

</a>

</li>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">if...else statement</span>

</a>

</li>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">while statement</span>

</a>

</li>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">Function declarations</span>

</a>

</li>

<li>

<span class="nav-item">Reference</span>

</a>

</li>

</ul>

</nav>

<header>Introduction</header>

<p>

JavaScript is a cross-platform, object-oriented scripting language. It is a small and lightweight

language. Inside a host environment (for example, a web browser), JavaScript can be connected to the

objects of its environment to provide programmatic control over them.

</p>

<p>

JavaScript contains a standard library of objects, such as Array, Date, and Math, and a core set of

language elements such as operators, control structures, and statements. Core JavaScript can be

extended

for a variety of purposes by supplementing it with additional objects; for example:

<ul>

<li>

Client-side JavaScript extends the core language by supplying objects to control a browser and

its

Document Object Model (DOM). For example, client-side extensions allow an application to place

elements

on an HTML form and respond to user events such as mouse clicks, form input, and page

navigation.

</li>

<li>

Server-side JavaScript extends the core language by supplying objects relevant to running

JavaScript

a server. For example, server-side extensions allow an application to communicate with a

database,

provide continuity of information from one invocation to another of the application, or perform

file

manipulations on a server.

</li>

</ul>

</p>

</article>

</section>

<header>What you should already know</header>

<p>

This guide assumes you have the following basic background:

<ul>

<li>

A general understanding of the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW).

</li>

<li>

Good working knowledge of HyperText Markup Language (HTML).

</li>

<li>

Some programming experience. If you are new to programming, try one of the tutorials linked on

the

main page about JavaScript.

</li>

</ul>

</p>

</article>

</section>

<header>JavaScript and Java</header>

<p>

JavaScript and Java are similar in some ways but fundamentally different in some others. The

JavaScript

language resembles Java but does not have Java's static typing and strong type checking. JavaScript

follows most Java expression syntax, naming conventions and basic control-flow constructs which was

the

reason why it was renamed from LiveScript to JavaScript.

</p>

<p>

In contrast to Java's compile-time system of classes built by declarations, JavaScript supports a

runtime system based on a small number of data types representing numeric, Boolean, and string

values.

JavaScript has a prototype-based object model instead of the more common class-based object model.

The

prototype-based model provides dynamic inheritance; that is, what is inherited can vary for

individual

objects. JavaScript also supports functions without any special declarative requirements. Functions

can

be properties of objects, executing as loosely typed methods.

</p>

<p>

JavaScript is a very free-form language compared to Java. You do not have to declare all variables,

classes, and methods. You do not have to be concerned with whether methods are public, private, or

protected, and you do not have to implement interfaces. Variables, parameters, and function return

types

are not explicitly typed.

</p>

</article>

</section>

<header>Hello world</header>

<p>

To get started with writing JavaScript, open the Scratchpad and write your first "Hello world"

JavaScript code:

</p>

<code>

function greetMe(yourName) { alert("Hello " + yourName); }

greetMe("World");

</code>

<p>

Select the code in the pad and hit Ctrl+R to watch it unfold in your browser!

</p>

</article>

</section>

<header>Variables</header>

<p>

You use variables as symbolic names for values in your application.

The names of variables, called identifiers, conform to certain rules.

</p>

<p>

A JavaScript identifier must start with a letter, underscore (_), or

dollar sign ($); subsequent characters can also be digits (0-9).

Because JavaScript is case sensitive, letters include the characters

"A" through "Z" (uppercase) and the characters "a" through "z"

(lowercase).

</p>

<p>

You can use ISO 8859-1 or Unicode letters such as å and ü in

identifiers. You can also use the Unicode escape sequences as

characters in identifiers. Some examples of legal names are

Number_hits, temp99, and _name.

</p>

</article>

</section>

<header>Declaring variables</header>

<p>

You can declare a variable in three ways:

With the keyword var. For example,

This syntax can be used to declare both local and global variables.

</p>

<p>

By simply assigning it a value. For example,

<code>x = 42.</code> This always declares a global variable. It

generates a strict JavaScript warning. You shouldn't use this

variant.

</p>

<p>

With the keyword let. For example,<code> let y = 13.</code> This

syntax can be used to declare a block scope local variable. See

Variable scope below.

</p>

</article>

</section>

<header>Variable scope</header>

<p>

When you declare a variable outside of any function, it is called a

global variable, because it is available to any other code in the

current document. When you declare a variable within a function, it

is called a local variable, because it is available only within that

function.

</p>

<p>

JavaScript before ECMAScript 2015 does not have block statement

scope; rather, a variable declared within a block is local to the

function (or global scope) that the block resides within. For

example the following code will log 5, because the scope of x is the

function (or global context) within which x is declared, not the

block, which in this case is an if statement.

</p>

<code>if (true) { var x = 5; } console.log(x); // 5</code>

<p>

This behavior changes, when using the let declaration introduced in

ECMAScript 2015.

</p>

<code>if (true) { let y = 5; } console.log(y); // ReferenceError: y is

not defined</code>

</article>

</section>

<header>Global variables</header>

<p>

Global variables are in fact properties of the global object. In web

pages the global object is window, so you can set and access global

variables using the window.variable syntax.

</p>

<p>

Consequently, you can access global variables declared in one window

or frame from another window or frame by specifying the window or

frame name. For example, if a variable called phoneNumber is

declared in a document, you can refer to this variable from an

iframe as parent.phoneNumber.

</p>

</article>

</section>

<header>Constants</header>

<p>

You can create a read-only, named constant with the const keyword.

The syntax of a constant identifier is the same as for a variable

identifier: it must start with a letter, underscore or dollar sign

and can contain alphabetic, numeric, or underscore characters.

</p>

<code>const PI = 3.14;</code>

<p>

A constant cannot change value through assignment or be re-declared

while the script is running. It has to be initialized to a value.

</p>

<p>

The scope rules for constants are the same as those for let block

scope variables. If the const keyword is omitted, the identifier is

assumed to represent a variable.

</p>

<p>

You cannot declare a constant with the same name as a function or

variable in the same scope. For example:

</p>

<code>// THIS WILL CAUSE AN ERROR function f() {}; const f = 5; // THIS

WILL CAUSE AN ERROR ALSO function f() { const g = 5; var g;

//statements }</code>

However, object attributes are not protected, so the following

statement is executed without problems.

<code>const MY_OBJECT = {"key": "value"}; MY_OBJECT.key =

"otherValue";</code>

</article>

</section>

<header>Data types</header>

<p>The latest ECMAScript standard defines seven data types:</p>

<ul>

<li>

<p>Six data types that are primitives:</p>

<ul>

<li>Boolean. true and false.</li>

<li>

null. A special keyword denoting a null value. Because

JavaScript is case-sensitive, null is not the same as Null,

NULL, or any other variant.

</li>

<li>

undefined. A top-level property whose value is undefined.

</li>

<li>Number. 42 or 3.14159.</li>

<li>String. "Howdy"</li>

<li>

Symbol (new in ECMAScript 2015). A data type whose instances

are unique and immutable.

</li>

</ul>

</li>

<li>and Object</li>

</ul>

Although these data types are a relatively small amount, they enable

you to perform useful functions with your applications. Objects and

functions are the other fundamental elements in the language. You can

think of objects as named containers for values, and functions as

procedures that your application can perform.

</article>

</section>

<header>if...else statement</header>

Use the if statement to execute a statement if a logical condition is

true. Use the optional else clause to execute a statement if the

condition is false. An if statement looks as follows:

<code>if (condition) { statement_1; } else { statement_2; }</code>

condition can be any expression that evaluates to true or false. See

Boolean for an explanation of what evaluates to true and false. If

condition evaluates to true, statement_1 is executed; otherwise,

statement_2 is executed. statement_1 and statement_2 can be any

statement, including further nested if statements.

<p>

You may also compound the statements using else if to have multiple

conditions tested in sequence, as follows:

</p>

<code>if (condition_1) { statement_1; } else if (condition_2) {

statement_2; } else if (condition_n) { statement_n; } else {

statement_last; }

</code>

In the case of multiple conditions only the first logical condition

which evaluates to true will be executed. To execute multiple

statements, group them within a block statement ({ ... }) . In

general, it's good practice to always use block statements, especially

when nesting if statements:

<code>if (condition) { statement_1_runs_if_condition_is_true;

statement_2_runs_if_condition_is_true; } else {

statement_3_runs_if_condition_is_false;

statement_4_runs_if_condition_is_false; }</code>

It is advisable to not use simple assignments in a conditional

expression, because the assignment can be confused with equality when

glancing over the code. For example, do not use the following code:

<code>if (x = y) { /* statements here */ }</code> If you need to use

an assignment in a conditional expression, a common practice is to put

additional parentheses around the assignment. For example:

<code>if ((x = y)) { /* statements here */ }</code>

</article>

</section>

<header>while statement</header>

A while statement executes its statements as long as a specified

condition evaluates to true. A while statement looks as follows:

<code>while (condition) statement</code> If the condition becomes

false, statement within the loop stops executing and control passes to

the statement following the loop.

<p>

The condition test occurs before statement in the loop is executed.

If the condition returns true, statement is executed and the

condition is tested again. If the condition returns false, execution

stops and control is passed to the statement following while.

</p>

<p>

To execute multiple statements, use a block statement ({ ... }) to

group those statements.

</p>

Example:

<p>

The following while loop iterates as long as n is less than three:

</p>

<code>var n = 0; var x = 0; while (n < 3) { n++; x += n; }</code>

<p>

With each iteration, the loop increments n and adds that value to x.

Therefore, x and n take on the following values:

</p>

<ul>

<li>After the first pass: n = 1 and x = 1</li>

<li>After the second pass: n = 2 and x = 3</li>

<li>After the third pass: n = 3 and x = 6</li>

</ul>

<p>

After completing the third pass, the condition n < 3 is no longer

true, so the loop terminates.

</p>

</article>

</section>

<header>Function declarations</header>

A function definition (also called a function declaration, or function

statement) consists of the function keyword, followed by:

<ul>

<li>The name of the function.</li>

<li>

A list of arguments to the function, enclosed in parentheses and

separated by commas.

</li>

<li>

The JavaScript statements that define the function, enclosed in

curly brackets, { }.

</li>

</ul>

<p>

For example, the following code defines a simple function named

square:

</p>

<code>function square(number) { return number * number; }</code>

<p>

The function square takes one argument, called number. The function

consists of one statement that says to return the argument of the

function (that is, number) multiplied by itself. The return

statement specifies the value returned by the function.

</p>

<code>return number * number;</code>

<p>

Primitive parameters (such as a number) are passed to functions by

value; the value is passed to the function, but if the function

changes the value of the parameter, this change is not reflected

globally or in the calling function.

</p>

</article>

</section>

<header>Reference</header>

<ul>

<li>

All the documentation in this page is taken from

</li>

</ul>

</article>

</section>

</main>

</body>

css code

/*=============== GOOGLE FONTS ===============*/

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Montserrat&display=swap');

/*=============== VARIABLES ===============*/

:root {

--background: #292C4A;

--background-dark: #272944;

--foreground: rgb(255, 255, 255);

--accent-color: rgb(216, 191, 228);

--nav-width-collapsed: 80px;

--nav-width: 350px;

--main-padding: 20px;

}

/*=============== BASE ===============*/

* {

font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif;

color: var(--foreground);

}

html {

scroll-behavior: smooth;

}

body {

background: var(--background);

}

main {

max-width: 1000px;

margin-left: auto;

margin-right: auto;

padding-right: var(--main-padding);

padding-left: calc(var(--nav-width-collapsed) + var(--main-padding));

}

/*=============== NAVBAR ===============*/

.menu-icon {

width: 30px;

margin: 25px;

transition: all 1s ease;

}

nav {

position: fixed;

top: 0;

bottom: 0;

left: 0;

height: 100%;

background: #181a2ee1;

backdrop-filter: blur(5px);

width: var(--nav-width-collapsed);

overflow: hidden;

transition: all 1s ease;

box-shadow: 0 20px 35px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

border-radius: 0px 15px 15px 0;

}

nav ul {

list-style: none;

padding-left: 0;

}

nav li {

position: relative;

display: block;

}

.nav-link {

position: relative;

font-size: 16px;

display: table;

width: var(--nav-width);

padding: 10px;

text-decoration: none;

transition: all 0.5s ease;

opacity: 0%;

}

.nav-header {

margin: 20px;

font-size: 1.5em;

font-weight: 600;

width: var(--nav-width);

transition: all 0.5s ease;

opacity: 0%;

}

nav:hover {

width: var(--nav-width);

overflow-y: auto;

transition: all 0.5s ease;

}

nav:hover .nav-link {

opacity: 100%;

transition: opacity 1s ease;

}

nav:hover .nav-header {

opacity: 100%;

transition: opacity 1s ease;

}

nav:hover .menu-icon {

transform: rotate(90deg);

transition: all 1s ease;

}

nav a:hover {

border-left-style: solid;

border-width: 4px;

border-left-color: var(--accent-color);

font-weight: 600;

}

.nav-item {

position: relative;

margin-left: 12px;

}

/*=============== ARTICLES ===============*/

header {

font-size: 2em;

font-weight: 600;

margin-top: 2em;

}

article {

font-size: 16px;

line-height: 2;

}

/*=============== CODE SECTIONS ===============*/

code {

background: #181a2e88;

border-radius: 5px;

color: var(--accent-color);

page-break-inside: avoid;

font-family: monospace;

font-size: 15px;

line-height: 1.6;

margin-bottom: 1.6em;

max-width: 100%;

padding: 1em 1.5em;

display: block;

word-wrap: break-word;

}

/*=============== SCROLLBAR ===============*/

::-webkit-scrollbar {

width: 0.5em;

}

::-webkit-scrollbar-track {

box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);

background-color: var(--background-dark);

}

::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {

background-color: var(--accent-color);

border-radius: 5px;

}

/*=============== MEDIA QUERY ===============*/

@media print {

nav {

display: none;

}

* {

background-color: #fff !important;

color: #000 !important;

}

main {

padding-left: 0 !important;

}

@media only screen and (max-width: 768px) {

/* For mobile phones: */

nav {

width: 60px;

}

.menu-icon {

width: 35px;

margin: 15px;

transition: all 1s ease;

}

main {

padding-left: calc(60px + var(--main-padding));

}

GET INTO GEEK

Thursday, 12 January 2023

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